How to Equalise Your Ears Properly

How to Equalise Your Ears Properly

One of the most common challenges new divers face, and even experienced ones occasionally encounter, is equalising their ears effectively. That uncomfortable pressure, or even pain, can quickly turn an anticipated dive into a frustrating experience. But with the right techniques and a bit of practice, you can master ear equalisation and enjoy every moment underwater.

At its core, equalisation is about balancing the pressure in the air spaces within your body, primarily your ears and sinuses, with the increasing ambient pressure as you descend. Your middle ear is a small, air-filled cavity connected to your throat by the Eustachian tube. Normally, this tube is closed, but when you swallow, yawn, or chew, it opens briefly, allowing air to move in and out. As you descend, water pressure increases, pushing on your eardrum. If you don't add air to your middle ear, this pressure difference can become painful and even cause injury, known as barotrauma.

Why Equalisation is Essential

Ignoring the need to equalise or forcing it can lead to various ear problems, ranging from mild discomfort to serious injury. Middle ear barotrauma, for example, can manifest as pain, a feeling of fullness, muffled hearing, or even rupture of the eardrum in severe cases. Inner ear barotrauma, though less common, is more serious and can cause vertigo, ringing in the ears (tinnitus), and permanent hearing loss. Proper equalisation is not just about comfort; it's about protecting your hearing and ensuring your safety underwater.

When to Equalise

The golden rule is to equalise early and often. Don't wait until you feel discomfort or pain. Start equalising gently on the surface before you even begin your descent. As you go down, equalise every metre or so, or whenever you feel a slight pressure build-up. If you feel pain, stop your descent immediately, ascend a metre or two until the pain subsides, and try equalising again. Never force it.

Common Equalisation Techniques

There are several techniques you can employ, and what works best for one person might not be ideal for another. Experiment to find the method that feels most natural and effective for you.

• Valsalva Manoeuvre: This is perhaps the most widely known and often the first technique taught. Pinch your nostrils closed, close your mouth, and gently try to blow air out through your nose. The key word here is "gently". You should feel a slight "pop" or "click" in your ears. Avoid blowing too hard, as this can strain your eardrums and potentially cause damage.
• Frenzel Manoeuvre: Many experienced divers prefer the Frenzel because it's more controlled and less strenuous than the Valsalva. To perform the Frenzel, pinch your nostrils closed. Instead of using your chest and abdominal muscles, use the back of your tongue and throat muscles to push air upwards, as if you're trying to make the "K" sound in "kick". You're essentially using your tongue as a piston to push air into your Eustachian tubes. This technique keeps your glottis (voice box opening) closed, isolating the pressure to your head.
• Toynbee Manoeuvre: This technique involves pinching your nostrils closed and swallowing. The act of swallowing helps to open the Eustachian tubes, allowing air to enter. Some divers find combining this with a slight jaw movement helpful.
• Lowry Technique: A combination of Valsalva and Toynbee. Pinch your nostrils, close your mouth, and try to blow gently while swallowing.
• Edmonds Technique: This involves tensing the soft palate (the soft tissue at the back of the roof of your mouth) and throat muscles while pushing the jaw forward and down, then performing a Valsalva.

Tips for Easier Equalisation

• Descend Feet First: Gravity can be your friend. Descending feet first helps air rise more easily into your Eustachian tubes.
• Look Up: Tilting your head back slightly can help open your Eustachian tubes.
• Wiggle Your Jaw: Moving your jaw from side to side or yawning can help open the Eustachian tubes.
• Swallow: Swallowing is a natural way to open your Eustachian tubes. Try drinking a small amount of water before a dive, or even just swallowing saliva.
• Avoid Diving with a Cold or Congestion: If your nose or sinuses are blocked, equalising will be significantly harder, if not impossible, and can lead to severe barotrauma. It's always best to postpone your dive if you're feeling congested.
• Stay Hydrated: Keeping well-hydrated helps to keep mucus thin and less likely to block your Eustachian tubes.
• Slow Down: The faster you descend, the quicker the pressure builds. Take your time, especially in the first few metres. There's no rush.
• Practice on Land: You can practice some equalisation techniques on land to get a feel for them before you enter the water.
• Consider a Descent Line: Using a descent line or mooring line provides a visual reference and allows for a controlled, slow descent, making equalisation easier. Find out more about essential diving equipment.

What to Do if You Can't Equalise

If you find yourself unable to equalise despite trying various techniques, do not continue your descent. Ascend a metre or two and try again. If the problem persists, it's safer to abort the dive. Pushing through the pain can lead to serious injury. Sometimes, a slight change in body position or trying a different technique can make all the difference. If you consistently struggle with equalisation, it might be worth consulting a dive physician to rule out any underlying issues. You can also explore our diving guides for more assistance.

Mastering equalisation is a fundamental skill for any diver. By understanding the mechanics, practising different techniques, and listening to your body, you can ensure comfortable and safe dives every time. Remember, patience and gentle persistence are key.

This information is for general guidance only and not a substitute for professional medical advice. Always consult a dive physician for personal health concerns related to diving.